Introduction The rotating platinum electrode (RPE) is a working electrode used in electrochemical analysis, particularly in voltammetry and polarography. Unlike the dropping mercury electrode (DME), the RPE consists of a solid platinum disk that rotates at a controlled speed within the solution. The rotation enhances mass transport, ensuring a uniform distribution of the analyte near […]
Introduction Polarography is an electroanalytical technique based on measuring the current-voltage (I-V) relationship in an electrolytic cell with a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or other working electrodes. Polarography was introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovský in 1922, earning him the Nobel Prize in 1959. Principle of Polarography Ilkovic Equation The Ilkovic equation expresses the diffusion current (idi_d) […]
Introduction Potentiometric titration is an analytical method that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the electrode potential during titration. Unlike color-based indicators in conventional titrations, potentiometric titrations use electrodes to detect the endpoint without requiring visual indicators. Methods to Determine the End Point of Potentiometric Titration The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is […]
Introduction Indicator electrodes are a crucial part of electrochemical analysis. They generate a potential in response to the concentration of a specific ion in solution. This potential is then measured against a reference electrode to determine the ion concentration or other chemical properties of the solution. Indicator electrodes are broadly classified into: 1. Metal Electrodes […]
Introduction A reference electrode is an essential component in electrochemical measurements, providing a stable and well-defined potential against which the potential of other electrodes can be measured. These electrodes do not participate in the reaction but serve as a reference point to compare the working electrode’s potential. The three most commonly used reference electrodes are: […]
Introduction An electrochemical cell is a device that generates electrical energy from chemical reactions or uses electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. These cells are fundamental in electrochemistry and have various applications in energy storage, corrosion studies, electroplating, and industrial processes. Electrochemical cells operate based on redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions, where electrons are transferred between chemical […]
Introduction Potentiometry is an electroanalytical technique used to measure the electrical potential (voltage) of an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current. This method is widely used to determine the concentration of ions in a solution using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), such as the pH electrode. Potentiometry is based on the Nernst equation, which relates the […]
Introduction Conductometry is an electroanalytical technique used to measure a solution’s electrical conductivity. It is based on the principle that ions in a solution carry an electric current, and the conductivity of the solution depends on the concentration and mobility of these ions. Conductometry is widely used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of […]
Introduction Electrochemical methods of analysis are techniques used to study chemical systems by measuring electrical parameters such as current, voltage, or charge. These methods are widely applied in various fields, including pharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, biomedical research, and industrial applications. Electrochemical analysis is highly sensitive, selective, and capable of detecting trace amounts of substances. Basic […]
