Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reactivity, Limitations
by Reactivity: Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a powerful method for introducing alkyl groups onto aromatic rings. The reaction involves the electrophilic substitution of a hydrogen atom on …
Category: B. pharma
Sulfonation of Benzene
Sulfonation of benzene involves heating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid (H2SO4 + SO3) to yield benzenesulfonic acid. This reaction is reversible in nature. Here is …
Iodination of Benzene
The iodination of benzene involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring with an iodine atom through an electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) …
Bromination of Benzene
The Bromination of benzene involves the introduction of a bromine atom onto the benzene ring through electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis acid typically catalyzes the …
Chlorination of Benzene
Introduction: The chlorination of benzene involves the introduction of a chlorine atom onto the benzene ring through electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis acid typically catalyzes …
Aromatic Halogenation Reactions
Introduction: Aromatic halogenation reactions involve the introduction of halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) into an aromatic ring. These reactions are a subset of …
ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION
Introduction: Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are a category of organic reactions in which an electrophile displaces an atom bonded to an aromatic ring. Typically, these …
General principles of cell signaling
Cell communication, also known as cell signaling, is the process by which cells communicate with each other to coordinate various physiological and biochemical processes within …
Cell junctions : Definition, Types , Functions
Cell junctions are specialized structures in the cell membrane that facilitate communication, adhesion, and coordination between adjacent cells in multicellular organisms. These junctions are crucial …
Cell division: Mitosis, Meiosis, Significance
Cell division is a fundamental process in biology by which a single cell divides to produce two or more daughter cells. This process is essential …