Chlorination of Benzene
by Introduction: The chlorination of benzene involves the introduction of a chlorine atom onto the benzene ring through electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis acid typically catalyzes …
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Aromatic Halogenation Reactions
Introduction: Aromatic halogenation reactions involve the introduction of halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) into an aromatic ring. These reactions are a subset of …
ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION
Introduction: Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are a category of organic reactions in which an electrophile displaces an atom bonded to an aromatic ring. Typically, these …
General principles of cell signaling
Cell communication, also known as cell signaling, is the process by which cells communicate with each other to coordinate various physiological and biochemical processes within …
Cell junctions : Definition, Types , Functions
Cell junctions are specialized structures in the cell membrane that facilitate communication, adhesion, and coordination between adjacent cells in multicellular organisms. These junctions are crucial …
Cell division: Mitosis, Meiosis, Significance
Cell division is a fundamental process in biology by which a single cell divides to produce two or more daughter cells. This process is essential …
Transport across the cell membrane
Transport across the cell membrane is a fundamental process that controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The cell membrane, also known …
Cellular level of organization
Cells are the fundamental units of life, and they are found in all living organisms. They come in various shapes and sizes, but all cells …
Basic anatomical terminologies
Basic anatomical terminology is a set of standardized words and phrases used by healthcare professionals, anatomists, and biologists to describe the body’s structure and organization. …
Homeostasis: Components, Examples, Significance
Homeostasis is a fundamental biological concept that refers to the ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment despite external fluctuations. It is …